Cognitive Map

Cognitive Map for class 11th and 12th are:

11th class: Excretory Products and Their Elimination

The excretory system plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by eliminating metabolic wastes. The primary excretory organs include the kidneys, liver, lungs, and skin. The kidneys filter blood through processes such as glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion, ensuring the removal of nitrogenous wastes like urea, uric acid, and ammonia. Different organisms excrete waste in various forms: ammonotelic (bony fishes, amphibians), ureotelic (mammals), and uricotelic (birds). Disorders like renal failure, uremia, and renal calculi highlight the importance of kidney function. The cognitive map provides a clear visual representation of these concepts, facilitating better comprehension for students.


12th class: Human Reproduction

Human reproduction is a complex biological process involving both male and female reproductive systems. The male reproductive system includes structures such as the testes, seminiferous tubules, and accessory ducts responsible for sperm production and transport. Leydig cells secrete androgens, while Sertoli cells provide nourishment to developing sperm. The female reproductive system consists of the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina, playing a crucial role in ovum production and fertilization. Hormonal regulation by FSH, LH, estrogen, and progesterone ensures the proper functioning of reproductive processes like ovulation, fertilization, pregnancy, and lactation. The cognitive map visually represents these interconnections, aiding in a structured understanding of human reproduction.




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